wheat starch A type (1) and B type granules (1’). The uncooked starch is probably added to keep the kaolin (2-2”) in suspension as was customary for suspending smalt in blue paper. Sample taken from a ~1817 hand-made writing paper (sample 173) made by van Houtum in Uchelen, which makes it an early example of a filled paper [micrographs and z-stack BvV].